WDPA ID | Designation Type | Year | IUCN Category | Reported Area | Calculated Area | Type |
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Management category info
Ia Strict Nature Reserve: Category Ia are strictly protected areas set aside to protect biodiversity and also possibly geological/geomorphical features, where human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values. Such protected areas can serve as indispensable reference areas for scientific research and monitoring more...Ib Wilderness Area: Category Ib protected areas are usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence without permanent or significant human habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural condition. More...
II National Park: Category II protected areas are large natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally compatible, spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational, and visitor opportunities. More...
III Natural Monument or Feature: Category III protected areas are set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea mount, submarine cavern, geological feature such as a cave or even a living feature such as an ancient grove. They are generally quite small protected areas and often have high visitor value. More...
IV Habitat/Species Management Area: Category IV protected areas aim to protect particular species or habitats and management reflects this priority. Many Category IV protected areas will need regular, active interventions to address the requirements of particular species or to maintain habitats, but this is not a requirement of the category. More...
V Protected Landscape/ Seascape: A protected area where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant, ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values. More...
VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources: Category VI protected areas conserve ecosystems and habitats together with associated cultural values and traditional natural resource management systems. They are generally large, with most of the area in a natural condition, where a proportion is under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims of the area more...
Get more info about management categories from the IUCN at https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/about/protected-area-categories
Total carbon
Indicator unit: Amount of carbon stored in the soil (0 to 30 cm depth), expressed in Mg (megagrams or tonnes) per km2 .
Area of interest The SOCI has been calculated at the country level and for all protected areas and is provided and for each country, each terrestrial ecoregion and each terrestrial and coastal protected area of size ≥ 1 km2.
Policy question: There are two main policy questions to which the SOCI indicator is relevant:
- How do protected areas contribute, through the conservation of soil resources, to the fertility, health and productivity of the ecosystems and to the livelihoods of the local communities that depend on these resources? Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the main component of soil organic matter, which is critical for the stabilization of soil structure, retention and release of plant nutrients, and water infiltration and storage in soil. SOC is therefore essential to ensuring soil health, fertility and food production. The loss of SOC indicates a certain degree of soil degradation, and can happen through unsustainable management practices such as excessive irrigation or leaving the soil bare, without significant vegetation cover.
- How do protected areas contribute to soil carbon storage and hence to offset the impacts of fossil fuel emissions and to climate change mitigation? Soils represent the largest terrestrial organic carbon reservoir. Carbon stored in soils worldwide exceeds the amount of carbon stored in phytomass and in the atmosphere, and is the second largest global carbon store (sink) after the oceans. Changes in land use and land cover can cause SOC decreases and carbon emissions, which are one of the largest sources of human-caused carbon emissions to the atmosphere. Protected areas may contribute to soil carbon retention and hence to the reduction of net emissions of greenhouse gasses responsible for climate change.
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)
Above ground carbon
Indicator unit: The above-ground carbon (AGC) is expressed in Mg (megagrams or tonnes) of carbon per km2 . It corresponds to the carbon fraction of the oven-dry weight of the woody parts (stem, bark, branches and twigs) of all living trees, excluding stump and roots, as estimated by the GlobBiomass project (globbiomass.org) with 2017 as the reference year.
Area of interest: The AGCI has been calculated at the country level and for all protected areas and is provided for each country, each terrestrial ecoregion, and each terrestrial and coastal protected area of size ≥ 1 km2.
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)
Soil organic carbon
Indicator unit: Amount of carbon stored in the soil (0 to 30 cm depth), expressed in Mg (megagrams or tonnes) per km2.
Area of interest: The SOCI has been calculated at the country level, terrestrial ecoregion level and for all protected areas and is provided for each country and each terrestrial and coastal protected area of size ≥ 1 km2.
Policy question: There are two main policy questions to which the SOCI indicator is relevant: How do protected areas contribute, through the conservation of soil resources, to the fertility, health and productivity of the ecosystems and to the livelihoods of the local communities that depend on these resources? Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the main component of soil organic matter, which is critical for the stabilization of soil structure, retention and release of plant nutrients, and water infiltration and storage in soil. SOC is therefore essential to ensuring soil health, fertility and food production. The loss of SOC indicates a certain degree of soil degradation, and can happen through unsustainable management practices such as excessive irrigation or leaving the soil bare, without significant vegetation cover. How do protected areas contribute to soil carbon storage and hence to offset the impacts of fossil fuel emissions and to climate change mitigation? Soils represent the largest terrestrial organic carbon reservoir. Carbon stored in soils worldwide exceeds the amount of carbon stored in phytomass and in the atmosphere, and is the second largest global carbon store (sink) after the oceans. Changes in land use and land cover can cause SOC decreases and carbon emissions, which are one of the largest sources of human-caused carbon emissions to the atmosphere. Protected areas may contribute to soil carbon retention and hence to the reduction of net emissions of greenhouse gasses responsible for climate change.
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)
Below ground carbon
Indicator unit: The belowground biomass carbon (BBC) is expressed in Mg (megagrams or tonnes) of carbon per km2 . It represents an estimation of the carbon stored in the roots of all living trees. This carbon pool is calculated as a fraction of the aboveground biomass carbon stock using root-to-shoot ratios (R). It is derived from two main data sources: the global aboveground biomass map produced by the GlobBiomass project (globbiomass.org) and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2019).
Area of interest: The BBCI has been calculated at the country level, terrestrial ecoregion level and for all protected areas and is provided for each country and each terrestrial and coastal protected area of size ≥ 1 km2.
Policy question: There are two main policy questions to which BBCI is relevant:
- How do protected areas contribute, through the conservation of vegetation resources, to the health and productivity of the ecosystems and to the sustainability of the local communities that depend on these ecosystem services derived from them? Tree-root systems provide various ecosystem services that improve soil conditions and prevent soil degradation.
- How do protected areas contribute to carbon storage and hence to offset the impacts of fossil fuel emissions and to climate change mitigation? Forests represent one of the largest terrestrial organic carbon reservoirs, and significantly contribute to the regulation of the global carbon cycle. Root biomass represents a stable and relatively inaccessible carbon stock, mainly affected by the removal of the canopy. Protected areas may contribute to biomass and carbon retention and hence to the reduction of net emissions of greenhouse gasses responsible for climate change.
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)
eConservation
Inland surface water dynamics
How well are we protecting freshwater ecosystems and how strong are anthropogenic changes affecting surface water in a given area? Human pressures are constantly increasing and it is important to monitor the consequences of the associated changes on the environment, in particular inside and around protected areas, to ensure that natural ecosystems and their associated species and ecosystem functions (e.g. goods and services) are preserved. By comparing surface water maps overtime at the country and protected area level, changes in water regimes can be identified.
Indicator unit: Areas of inland permanent and seasonal surface water and their changes over time (1984 - 2018) are expressed in km2 and percentages. The following statistics are computed for each protected area, each country and each terrestrial ecoregion and are provided, together with associated maps, for each terrestrial and coastal protected area of size ≥ 1 km2 and each country :
- Net change (km2 ) of permanent surface water (1984 - 2020)
- Net change (km2 ) of seasonal inland water (1984 - 2020)
- Net change (km2 ) of protected permanent surface water (1984 - 2020)
- Net change (km2 ) of protected seasonal inland water (1984 - 2020)
We further provide maps of water occurrence, water occurrence change intensity and water transitions. Area of interest Surfaces of inland surface water and change statistics have been computed at the country level, terrestrial ecoregion level and for all protected areas.
Area of interest: Surfaces of inland surface water and change statistics have been computed at the country level and for all protected areas.
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)
Land Fragmentation
Indicator units: Natural (and semi-natural) land fragmentation refers to the reduction of area, the emergence of discontinuities and the isolation of natural land patches within a region of interest. Natural land spatial pattern is a relevant measure to capture changes in size, shape and structural connectivity, in particular the breaking down of large patches of natural land into smaller patches, the presence of linear features and isolated small fragments. The Natural Land Pattern Index (NLPI) assesses the spatial pattern of the natural and semi-natural lands for a given year (here, at year 2015) by reporting the area (in km2) covered by six spatial pattern classes (core, edge, linear feature, islet, core-perforation, other non-natural land) within a region of interest. The Natural Land Pattern Dynamics (NLPD) index reports the trends in the area occupied by these pattern classes in the last 20 years (1995-2015) within a region of interest. The landscape mosaic is simplified into natural/semi-natural lands, water bodies and non-natural lands. Non-natural lands such as cropland, transport infrastructure and settlements, are considered fragmenting elements.The six pattern classes are determined based on the spatial arrangement, shape and size of the land cover patches; See below (Use and Interpretation section) for a detailed description of these six classes. Fragmentation can be further resumed in one single indicator value, such as the edge to core ratio. The Natural Land Fragmentation Index (NLFI) and the Natural Land Fragmentation Dynamics (NLFD) will be included in the next update of the DOPA.
Area of interest: NLPI and NLPD are calculated in DOPA for each terrestrial and coastal protected area, as well as for countries and terrestrial ecoregions, and are provided in DOPA Explorer for all terrestrial and coastal protected areas of size ≥ 1 km2 , for countries and for terrestrial ecoregions. The spatial distribution of the six pattern classes is mapped and shown in DOPA for all natural/semi-natural land, either inside or outside protected areas.
Policy question: How can we assess the spatial integrity of natural/semi-natural ecosystems?
Where and how much are global and local pressures fragmenting natural/semi-natural lands? Pressures on the natural land, particularly
human driven pressures, are constantly increasing and it is important to monitor how they translate in changes in the spatial pattern and
fragmentation levels of natural/semi-natural ecosystems, in particular inside and around protected areas, to ensure that these ecosystems, and their associated species, their functions and services, are preserved.
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)
Land Degradation
Humans need increasing amounts of plant biomass for producing food, fodder, fiber and energy. Being able to meet these demands in the long term requires a sustainable use of land and vegetation resources. A persistent reduction in biomass production or land productivity will directly and indirectly impact almost all terrestrial ecosystem services and benefits that form the basis for sustainable livelihoods of all human communities. Tracking changes in land productivity is, therefore, an essential part of monitoring ecosystem changes and land transformations that are typically associated with land degradation.
The state of the Earth’s vegetation cover and its development over time is one reliable and accepted measure associated with land productivity.
Indicator unit: Area in km2 with decreasing, stable or increasing trend in land productivity from 1999 to 2013. Land productivity is calculated from satellite observations of photosynthetically active vegetation as the above-ground biomass production accumulated during the annual growing season.
Area of interest: The LPD has been calculated in DOPA for each terrestrial and coastal protected area, for their 10km unprotected buffer, as well as for countries and terrestrial ecoregions, and is provided in DOPA Explorer for all terrestrial and coastal protected areas of size ≥ 1 km2 , for countries and for terrestrial ecoregions.
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)
Agricultural Pressure
Road Pressure
Population Pressure
Map Layers
Built-up Areas Pressure
Map Layers
Oil Palm Extent
Industrial and smallholder oil palm plantation data.
Oil seed crops, especially oil palm, are among the most rapidly expanding agricultural land uses, and their expansion is known to cause significant environmental damage. Accordingly, these crops often feature in public and policy debates, which are hampered or biased by a lack of accurate information on environmental impacts. This dataset presents a global crop map. It covers areas where oil palm plantations were detected at global scale, and includes industrial and smallholder mature oil palm plantations.
Adrià, Descals, Serge, Wich, Erik, Meijaard, David, Gaveau, Stephen, Peedell, & Zoltan, Szantoi. (2020). High resolution global industrial and smallholder oil palm map for 2019 (Version v0) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3884602
Analysis performed by L. Battistella in July 2020.
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using BIOPAMA Services (2022)
ESA Land Cover change 1995-2020
Fires
Map Layers
Floods
Droughts
Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly
Sea Surface Temperature Trend
Coral Bleaching HotSpot
Species numbers in protected area
Map Layers
Number of endemic mammals
Indicator unit: Counting of the number of endemic mammals at site and country levels.
Area of interest: Species lists are generated for each terrestrial and coastal protected area, and are provided in BIOPAMA for all protected areas of size ≥ 1 km2, and for the protected portion of countries. General statistics are reported at country level, species richness is mapped at global level.
Policy question: Where are the areas in the world hosting most species? How many species in a country have their ranges covered at least partially by protected areas? How many threatened species are endemic and how many of these have their ranges protected? Where are the main gaps in terms of species observations? These are key questions for assessing whether conservation measures have been taken to prevent extinctions on to measuring progress on Aichi Targets 11 and 12 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)
Number of endemic birds
Indicator unit: Counting of the number of endemic amphibians at site and country levels.
Area of interest: Species lists are generated for each terrestrial and coastal protected area, and are provided in BIOPAMA for all protected areas of size ≥ 1 km2, and for protected portion of countries. General statistics are reported at country level, species richness is mapped at global level.
Policy question: Where are the areas in the world hosting most species? How many species in a country have their ranges covered at least partially by protected areas? How many threatened species are endemic and how many of these have their ranges protected? Where are the main gaps in terms of species observations? These are key questions for assessing whether conservation measures have been taken to prevent extinctions on to measuring progress on Aichi Targets 11 and 12 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)
Number of endemic amphibians
Indicator unit: Counting of the number of endemic amphibians at site and country levels.
Area of interest: Species lists are generated for each terrestrial and coastal protected area, and are provided in BIOPAMA for all protected areas of size ≥ 1 km2, and for protected portion of countries. General statistics are reported at country level, species richness is mapped at global level.
Policy question: Where are the areas in the world hosting most species? How many species in a country have their ranges covered at least partially by protected areas? How many threatened species are endemic and how many of these have their ranges protected? Where are the main gaps in terms of species observations? These are key questions for assessing whether conservation measures have been taken to prevent extinctions on to measuring progress on Aichi Targets 11 and 12 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)
Number of mammals in country reported threatened by IUCN
Species assessed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and documented in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species TM (RLTS) have been used to calculate country summary statistics on the number of endemic and threatened species (IUCN, 2020).
Species included in the Red List are classified into the following categories based on Red List criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation:
Threatened species fall into one of the following three categories:
1) Critically Endangered (CR) – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
2) Endangered (EN) – High risk of extinction in the wild. 3) Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of endangerment in the wild.
Country lists of (protected) Threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable) and Near Threatened species are derived by the previously described overlay within protected areas and species ranges,aggregating the results by the ISO3 code reported for the Protected Area by WCMC.
See http://www.iucnredlist.org/ for more details.
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)
Number of birds in country reported threatened by IUCN.
Species assessed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and documented in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species TM (RLTS) have been used to calculate country summary statistics on the number of endemic and threatened species (IUCN, 2020).
Species included in the Red List are classified into the following categories based on Red List criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation:
Threatened species fall into one of the following three categories:
1) Critically Endangered (CR) – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
2) Endangered (EN) – High risk of extinction in the wild. 3) Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of endangerment in the wild.
Country lists of (protected) Threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable) and Near Threatened species are derived by the previously described overlay within protected areas and species ranges,aggregating the results by the ISO3 code reported for the Protected Area by WCMC.
See http://www.iucnredlist.org/ for more details.
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)
Number of amphibians in country reported threatened by IUCN.
Species assessed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and documented in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species TM (RLTS) have been used to calculate country summary statistics on the number of endemic and threatened species (IUCN, 2020).
Species included in the Red List are classified into the following categories based on Red List criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation:
Threatened species fall into one of the following three categories:
1) Critically Endangered (CR) – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
2) Endangered (EN) – High risk of extinction in the wild.
3) Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of endangerment in the wild.
Country lists of (protected) Threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable) and Near Threatened species are derived by the previously described overlay within protected areas and species ranges,aggregating the results by the ISO3 code reported for the Protected Area by WCMC.
See http://www.iucnredlist.org/ for more details.
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Data Uploaded by Luca Battistella using the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Services (2022)