The Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, aware of its role in the preservation of the Country biodiversity, which is a natural heritage of great importance for its people and for the world, has assumed the share of the responsibility incumbent upon it in this matter, despite the enormous constraints of economic and social order that the country has recently faced, due to the complex adjustment process to a new social and economic order, which was imposed by its independence. In a society still suffering from significant financial and economic difficulties, it is not always easy to decide on the option for immediate or deferred access to natural resources, all the more when it was not yet possible a full detailed assessment of the respective consequences. Only with the assiduous and careful efforts of the technical staff and people’s organizations, with the possible support from the political governance and the share of the international partners, it has been possible a greater restraint in the indiscriminate access to those resources and a better control of potentially detrimental actions for biological diversity. The progressive official and unofficial engagement is the guarantor of a committed on-going move towards a greater security of the biodiversity, through a sustainable use of the natural resources and the equitable share of the benefits derived therefrom. This engagement is enshrined in the country commitment and participation in the several international Agreements, Conventions and Protocols, related with the protection and valuation of biodiversity, and is strengthened by the general citizens perception of the relevance of its national natural heritage, so as in the global agreed effort, to safeguard biological diversity and environmental quality It is under this perspective that, once completed the First National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of São Tomé and Príncipe (NBSAP I), with a clear achievement of most of the envisaged goals, now it is presented the NBSAP II, aware of its costs for the country and for international partners, but in the certainty, however, of the urgency in achieving the proposed objectives, to safeguard the valuable universal heritage of which we have de custody.